Ancient Civilization Essays - Ancient Near East, Civilizations

Ancient Civilization Describe Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures. What were the main characteristics of each? The Paleolithic Old Stone era began in about 40,000 - 10,000 B. C. The beginning of this period was marked by the first human hunter-gatherer societies. Hunting, fishing, and gathering of fruits and nuts were the main economic endeavors at the time. The responsibilities in these hunter-gathering societies were shared. The men of this period did the very dangerous hunting of large wild animals like bison and reindeer, while women gatherer fruits and nuts for an entire year. The small communities of 25-50 people came to consensus on decisions and ideas were shared. The extended family was core. Men and women both played a roll in child bearing. The people of this era lived in huts and caves. Caves were idealistic living quarters; they could be heated in the cold weather months and were cool in hot weather months. Caves were also good advantage points for observing prey. Caves were also the sites of representational art. Paleolithic cave paintings were of bison, horse, reindeer and mamm oths. Historians believe that art may have been the cave dwellers' attempts to control the environment through magic. Other representational art of this time included (Venus) figurines of women. The female figurines exaggerated the buttocks and breasts of women, perhaps in attempt to control fertility of women. Men spent a lot of time fashioning tools, like the javelin for hunting. The skilled craftsmanship of tools and the artists demonstrates at least a limited specialization of skills and division of labor, so these societies required organization in the villages. The desire to trade ideas and merchandise with other societies developed. The Neolithic New Stone era began sometime around 10,000 B. C. The beginning of this period was marked by the domestication of animals and plants. With men occupied in hunting, it may well have been females who first unraveled the secrets of agriculture. Humans specialized in the wild plants they collected and the animals they hunted. They began to learn how to control the environment in order to domesticate plants and animals. The domestication of animals perhaps started with dogs, which were useful in hunting. Then they learned to keep sheep, goats, chickens and cattle. Next came farming. They learned to grow wheat, barley, then legumes (beans). Craft specialization was evident, in addition to farming and shepherding, occupations in trading and accounting, iron working, clothing making, jewelers, artists and mining developed. The villagers mined copper (period was also known as Copper Age), gems, perhaps for pottery and hunting tools. Accountants were used for trade transactions. T echnological advancements came into use like the wheel and complex metal casting. In Europe, elaborate temple complexes and other monuments were built, which required complex mathematics. Also during the Neolithic period, religions developed. Gods and goddesses controlled everything. Gods and goddesses of the earth and fertility were worshipped. There was a strong urge to create cities near water. The organization and engineering that took place in this period is what lead humans to civilization. Discuss the causes of ancient civilization. Civilizations evolved in response to the need in the Neolithic communities for organization and engineering. Early civilizations were very complex. In early civilizations there is evidence of large and specialized labor forces, strong government, technology to control the environment, significant projects in art and thought and the invention of writing. As Neolithic communities grew, there was a strong urge to create cities near water. The first civilizations began in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and in the valley of the Nile River in Egypt around 3500 - 3000 B. C.. Large and efficient irrigation and drainage projects created channels, dikes, or dams to control floodwaters and to improve the fertility of the land. There was a need for social and economic hierarchies. The city was a society of strangers. There were single people as well as nuclear families in monogamous relationships. Civil rights came because you lived in a city. With individual freedoms came more responsibilities. There were five main social classes. The first class was the royal family, which marked the first form of government - monarchy. The position of king or queen was inherited. If there was not

Bay Of Pigs Invasion Essays - CubaUnited States Relations

Bay Of Pigs Invasion Essays - CubaUnited States Relations Bay Of Pigs Invasion The Bay of Pigs Invasion. The story of the failed invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs is one of mismanagement, overconfidence, and lack of security. The blame for the failure of the operation falls directly in the lap of the Central Intelligence Agency and a young president and his advisors. The fall out from the invasion caused a rise in tension between the two great superpowers and ironically, years after the event, the person that the invasion meant to topple, Fidel Castro, is still in power. To understand the origins of the invasion and its ramifications for the future it is first necessary to look at the invasion and its origins. The Bay of Pigs invasion of April 1961, started a few days before on April 15th with the bombing of Cuba by what appeared to be defecting Cuban air force pilots. At 6 a.m. in the morning of that Saturday, three Cuban military bases were bombed by B-26 bombers. The airfields at Camp Libertad, San Antonio de Los Baos, and Antonio Maceo airport at Santiago de Cuba were fired upon. Seven people were killed at Libertad, and forty-seven people were killed at other sites on the island. Two of the B-26s left Cuba and flew to Miami, apparently to defect to the United States. The Cuban Revolutionary Council, the government in exile, in New York City released a statement saying that the bombings in Cuba were . . . carried out by 'Cubans inside Cuba' who were 'in contact with' the top command of the Revolutionary Council . . . . The New York Times reporter covering the story alluded to something being wrong with the whole situation when he wondered how the council knew the pilots were coming if the pilots had only decided to leave Cuba on Thursday after . . . a suspected betrayal by a fellow pilot had precipitated a plot to strike . . . .. Whatever the case, the planes came down in Miami later that morning, one landed at Key West Naval Air Station at 7:00 a.m. and the other at Miami International Airport at 8:20 a.m. Both planes were badly damaged and their tanks were nearly empty. On the front page of The New York Times the next day, a picture of one of the B-26s was shown along with a picture of one of the pilots cloaked in a baseball hat and hiding behind dark sunglasses, his name was withheld. A sense of conspiracy was even at this early stage beginning to envelop the events of that week. In the early hours of April 17th the assault on the Bay of Pigs began. As in the spirit of a movie, the assault began at 2 a.m. with a team of frogmen going ashore with orders to set up landing lights to indicate to the main assault force the precise location of their objectives, as w ell as to clear the area of anything that may impede the main landing teams when they arrived. At 2:30 a.m. and at 3:00 a.m. two battalions came ashore at Playa Girn and one battalion at Playa Larga beaches. The troops at Playa Girn had orders to move west, northwest, up the coast and meet with the troops at Playa Larga in the middle of the bay. A small group of men were then to be sent north to the town of Jaguey Grande to secure it as well. When looking at a modern map of Cuba it is obvious that the troops would have problems in the area that was chosen for them to land at. The area around the Bay of Pigs is a swampy marsh land area which would be hard on the troops. The Cuban forces were quick to react and Castro ordered his T-33 trainer jets, two Sea Furies, and two B-26s into the air to stop the invading forces. Off the coast were the command and control ship and another vessel carrying supplies for the invading forces. The Cuban air force made quick work of the supply ships, sinking the command vessel, the Marsopa, and the supply ship the Houston, blasting them to pieces with five-inch rockets.

Essay over the Cold War essays

Essay over the Cold War essays How has the ninth edition been updated? In this updated edition, certain chapters have in added in light of the attacks of September 11, 2001. There was a chapter added on the foreign policies of Clinton and Yelstin-Putin also, an introduction to the beginnings of George W. Bushs foreign policies. Some of the new chapters touched on the technology revolution that the world has undertaken. Also, included in the chapters was recent scholarship and materials information that was taken from the opening of archives from the U.S., Soviets, and Chinese. Statements that were important at the time of the unrevised book were cut out of the revised version. Basically, the book has been revised to show how the world has changed since Sept. 11, 2001 by focusing on reasons for terrorism, changes in Islamic world that prioritize U.S. policy making, and U.S. response which has an affect on other nations. Why does the author claim that there has been a history of hostility between the United States and Russia? Explain in a long paragraph and provide specific examples. The author claims that there has been a history of hostility between the U.S. and Russia by first clearing up that the conflict really didnt begin in 1945 nor, was the hostility a result of the 1917 communist victory in Russia. The author stated, The two powers did not initially come into conflict because one was communist and the other capitalist. Rather, they first confronted each other on the plains of north China and Manchuria in the late nineteenth century. (1) The Author backs up the above quote with the statement, Until that confrontation the two nations had been good friends. (1) It was inevitable the U.S. and Russia sides would meet since the U.S. had been expanding west and Russia had been expanding east. Also, both empires were run differently. The American empire decentralized and comprised of states that could govern themselves with...

10 Argumentative Essay Topics on Medicalization as a Social Concept

10 Argumentative Essay Topics on Medicalization as a Social Concept If you need facts for your next essay on medicalization as a social concept, look at the items below: When medical problems are described in medical terms it is referred to as medicalization. This is a process by which non-medical situations are framed as something which requires medical treatment even if this is not true. This process can be detrimental to individuals because it causes otherwise normal human behavior to be rebranded as something like a medical condition. For many decades homosexuality was viewed as a mental illness. Even today one can find educational videos shown in public schools, and created by public schools, which emphasize the dangers of the homosexual medical illness. These videos talk heavily about how people who want to cultivate relationships with someone of the same sex suffer from a mental illness for which they must receive treatment. For many decades this belief, this medicalization of a simple biological aspect of humanity, one which is completely natural and has been observed in the animal kingdom since the beginning of time, led to a great deal of persecution and misunderstandings. It caused many people to believe that this normal human behavior was actually a severe medical condition. Bodily responses to regular processes such as inflammation or weight gain are viewed as problematic. This is another example of the medicalization of physical fitness. Because anyone who does exhibit a certain percentage of fat is viewed as unhealthy, this normal human state is now recognized as a medical condition. Now people, who are slightly overweight, are a regular target to diet and lifestyle suggestions and considered to have a medical condition for which medical treatment is required. This has led to a great deal of diet pills and eating supplements marketed to people of all ages. This has led to even more severe responses such as hypertension medication being given to children. People are immediately changing to the counter medications as though they were candy to treat simple ailments such as a swollen leg after a jog for a swollen shoulder muscle after lifting a heavy object. These are natural bodily responses to the everyday wear and tear that takes place on human bodies and yet the medicalization of such items has made them appear as though they were medical conditions which necessitate treatment. When the medicalization of any natural behavior becomes a socially accepted idea, it interferes with the regular processes of the human body. What might be a normal human function like converting simple and complex carbohydrates into sugars and therefore into insulin in the blood, become viewed as something detrimental or negative. Once it is viewed as a medical condition which requires medical treatment, people begin to take medications which interfere with the way the body works. This interference becomes permanent and leads to the additional reliance upon other medications which also interfere with natural behavior and human function. Rather than taking it upon oneself to monitor the food that is eaten, people will instead view their high blood sugar content as problematic in a single instance and take medication to stop the bodys production of insulin. While this is a natural occurrence that does take place in cases such as diabetes, many people today still bring this situation u pon themselves by taking medications. Simple illnesses which the body can fight naturally become medicalization gold. People will take antibiotics to help treat a simple infection which the body would have otherwise treated on its own. The more antibiotics are taken, and the more people fail to take them properly, the worse it is for the kidneys. When this happens the kidneys are no longer able to function properly which can result in renal failure. Any form of hormones taken by males or females are done so generally as a result of the medicalization of regular human behavior. And when this takes place it alters the body permanently. If the body generates a specific number of specific hormones each day, taking hormones in the form of medication will trick your body into believing that it has already generated the proper amount for that day. In doing so the body then cuts back on the total amount that it generates regularly. This means that if you stop taking your medicalized hormones your body will no longer produce the amount of hormones that it needs because it has been tricked into already thinking that it does. And when this happens the end result is that people have to stay on the useless medications for the long term which then leads to the same problem reoccurring and often in many other systems of the body simultaneously. The aging process has recently fallen victim to the medicalization of normal human processes. While aging was viewed as a regular event, something which was not only natural but beautiful, it is no longer so. Current social constructs of opinion leaders to believe that the aging process is bad and that all items associated with the aging process should be mitigated if not rectified. The result of this is that health care provides a variety of medications to treat the natural process of aging. All of these notions are unnecessary and yet people have to continue taking them for the rest of their lives once they start. Regular human emotions and reactions to their environment are natural human processes and yet thanks to the medicalization of health, many people now believe that being in touch with their emotions and responding in an emotional fashion to certain situation warrants unnatural behavior and medical treatment. In many cases depression is a mental state of being which can be controlled by the individual and which a perfectly natural response to certain situations is. Many times the emotional well-being of an individual impacted by changes in their life such as tragic events or hormones. And yet today these are viewed as negative things which must be rectified with pharmaceutical treatment. This leads to a series of negative ramifications in the form of secondary symptoms to the original medication prescribed. Individuals who are told that they suffer from depression because they are being sad about a few things in school are given medications. These medications cause side effects such as suicidal thoughts and weight gain. As a result people are being told that their weight gain must be rectified with additional medication. The suicidal thoughts must be halted immediately with another set of medications and both of these bring about new secondary symptoms and side effects the same as the original medication. This circle goes around and around for everybody who has ever been victim of medicalization. We hope these facts will find their place in your future essay. You might as well check our 20 topics on medicalization as a social concept backed with 1 sample essay as well as our guide that shows how to write an argumentative essay on this topic. References: Baillargeon, Denyse.  Babies For The Nation. Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2009. Print. Conrad, Peter, and Joseph W Schneider.  Deviance And Medicalization. St. Louis: Mosby, 1980. Print. Conrad, Peter.  Identifying Hyperactive Children. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1976. Print. Conrad, Peter.  The Medicalization Of Society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. Print. Frances, Allen.  Saving Normal. New York, NY: William Morrow, 2013. Print. Georges, Eugenia.  Bodies Of Knowledge. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2008. Print. Hunt, Nancy Rose.  A Colonial Lexicon Of Birth Ritual, Medicalization, And Mobility In The Congo. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999. Print.

Reciprocating Engines In-flight Fire Wildcountry Airways Ltd. De Assignment

Reciprocating Engines In-flight Fire Wildcountry Airways Ltd. De Havilland DHC-3 Otter C-FMEL 16 - Assignment Example The case under study was inclined towards a float-equipped DHC-3 (Otter). It had departed Ontario with six passengers and the pilot on board. At an approximate height of 2500 ft. above the sea level, the pilot managed to level the aircraft, hence configuring it for the cruise flight. Within a short period of time after such a level-off, he heard a form of popping sound and a notable loss of the engine power, while the whitish-grey smoke penetrated into the cabin (Sawyer, 1971). All the aircraft instruments showed normal engine operations. On the other hand, the fire warning unit failed to activate. The pilot thus assumed that the air-craft’s engine had been marred with a cylinder failure. The passenger who was seated in the front crew reported flames that were emerging from the right corner of the entire cockpit. The pilot hence tried to radio the Flight Service Station in order to seek for advice. Thick smoke bulged into the ultimate cabin thereby causing the respiratory distress and restricting visibility. The pilot then opened the left door so as to get a proper visual view and he luckily managed to land the aircraft while it was still on fire. It landed harder but lingered upright on floats. The passengers left through the main door with the life jackets on. The entire aircraft was hence consumed by the fire within almost immediately after landing. Being the last person to get out, the pilot suffered the second degree burns while the other passengers escaped with various injuries. This scenario hence called for an in-depth analysis and research of what might have ca used such a fire outbreak. All the findings were regarded to have been linked to the reciprocating engine. The reciprocating-engine powered transport aircraft offers essential public transport networks in most parts of the world. The only mishap as per the ATSB reports and

Nitric Oxide Production in Cytokine Activated Macrophages Lab Report

Nitric Oxide Production in Cytokine Activated Macrophages - Lab Report Example Apoptosis plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis in a number of physiological systems. NO can cause apoptosis to be induced in various cells including immune cells and tumor cells. Excessive and prolonged production of NO can trigger secondary damage of normal tissues. Therefore, the NO-secreting and activate macrophages needs to die or revert back to a resting state in order to prevent damaging of normal tissues (Tsujimoto, & Shimizu, 2005). Activation – induced apoptosis is the mechanism involving the removal of immunologically stimulated cells to help limit injury of normal tissues and to promote immunologic tolerance. IL-2, one of the major cytokine, which is secreted from an activated lymphocyte during inflammatory or immune responses, can trigger various immune cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes to produce a plethora of cytokines including TNF-ÃŽ ², TNF-ÃŽ ±, IL-1ÃŽ ², IL-6, and IL-1ÃŽ ±. (Tsujimoto, & Shimizu, 2005). These cytokines can potentially in duce responding cells for instance macrophages to synthesize and produce high NO nitrite levels from l-arginine through the action of the enzyme called inducible nitric oxide synthase. In this study, the focus was ascertaining the impact of the cytokines on the rate of synthesis and production of NO from macrophages (Hu, & Brindle, 2005). In relating the optical density to the levels of nitrite, volumes of standardized sodium nitrite solution 50Â µg/ml) was added to culture medium. It was observed that increase in the volume of Volume of 50Â µg/ml standard added to 0.5ml culture medium caused a corresponding increase in Optical density (OD) as depicted in table 01 and graph 01. The results of this experiment indicate that cytokines have an impact on the production of NO by macrophages. The higher the number of cytokines used the higher the Optical density values hence the higher production of NO. The value for OD was lowest (OD=0.057)

Nutrition and the relationship to athletic performance Essay

Nutrition and the relationship to athletic performance - Essay Example Proper eating habits play an integral role in fueling the body to operate effectively. Even the well conditioned and best trained athlete will have a hard time performing at peak level if improperly nourished. Also, it is essential for the athlete to understand that a balanced diet is critical not only for athletic excellence but also to maintain tissues that have been damaged during physical activity and, more importantly, for the young athlete who will need the additional nutrients to allow for continued growth and bone development. Carbohydrate is the most efficient and recommended source of glucose that the body needs to produce energy. Once ingested, the body converts carbohydrates into glucose that will give the athlete power and stamina to endure high intensity, short duration activities. Excess glucose, called glycogen, is absorbed in the liver and muscle tissues for later use. If the body lacks sources of carbohydrates, the body is forced to convert fat and protein into energy resulting in poor performance and increased fatigue. Carbohydrates are divided into two groups, the simple and complex carbohydrates. The simple carbohydrates, sometimes also referred to as the "bad carbs", are commonly found in refined or packaged food such as sugar, candy, chips, milk, honey and, fruit juices. Although, these types of carbohydrates are easily digested, they lack essential vitamins and nutrients that can normally be found in food sources containing complex carbohydrates. They are so-called because, unlike the simple carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates take longer to digest but it brings with it the essential vitamins and minerals that the body needs on a daily basis. This type of carbohydrate is commonly found in fresh fruits and vegetables, oatmeal, rice, bread, cereal, pita, pretzel, muffins and, pasta dishes. Although there are many recommendations on the amount of carbohydrate to be taken daily, most experts agree that carbohydrate consumption should consist of at the most two-thirds (2/3) of any given meal, roughly 3 to 4 times of a persons' weight in pounds. This means, for example, a person weighing 160 pounds should consume about 480-640 grams of carbohydrate everyday to maintain his energy level. And as exercise and training increase, carbohydrate consumption should be increased appropriately. According to the studies made by Leslie Bonci M.P.H., R.D., the following increase in carbohydrate intake is recommended for the active athlete: 3 grams/lb body weight for 1 hour of training 4.5 grams/kg body weight for 2 hours training 5 grams/kg body weight for 3 hours training, and 6 grams/kg body weight for 4+ hours of training (Bonci, n.d.a, Carbohydrate Needs section, par.1) Another technique used by endurance athletes, like bicyclers, swimmers and long-distance runners is "carbohydrate loading" or commonly referred to as

Linear Programming essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Linear Programming - Essay Example The applications of linear programming span providing solutions to problems involving economics, computer science, and practically any other industry that requires a production schedule or an actual scheduling process. Moreover, the optimizing feature of linear programming makes it a necessity for people in the management circle to be familiar with. Simplex algorithm A linear programming model is typically solved using a simplex algorithm, or sometimes also referred to as the linear solver (Powell & Baker, 2010). The simplex algorithm involves a series of steps which employs the use of slack and basic variables to change the inequality constraints to equations so that the derived system of equations may be solved to find a feasible solution area. The extreme points of this feasible solution area are then tested by plugging them in to the objective function in order to find out which gives the optimal solution (Singiresu, 2009). Linear Programming Models There are a number of models t hat may be used to generate the solution to a linear programming model. ... Such models are generally used in manufacturing companies or supply chain networks. Another kind of linear programming model involves the blending of a number of resources to produce desired results, hence the term blending model (Baker, 2011). A typical example of this model is the â€Å"diet problem† wherein one aims to find the optimum mix of food products that will produce the maximum nutritional value. The covering model of linear programming is quite different from the first two models in such that it aims to minimize the objective function and is presented with â€Å"greater than constraints† (Powell & Baker, 2010, p. 79). This model is commonly used when minimizing a cost function and requiring the contributions to be greater than a particular value. Finally, the network model is quite unique in nature as it â€Å"describes configurations of flow in a connected system† (Baker, 2011, p. 71). Typically, a network model would require the use of a diagram whi ch aids in the finding of the optimal solution of a given problem. In all these types of linear programming models, spreadsheets may be used to provide assistance in finding the optimal solution. Excel has a built in Solver application which allows the user to simply input the coefficients of the objective function and constraints, and automatically generates values for the feasible region and the corresponding optimal solution. Sensitivity Analysis It should be noted that the task is not yet done when the optimal solution is found. It is also necessary to conduct a corresponding sensitivity analysis on the solution generated. Sensitivity analysis provides information on how instantaneous changes in the parameters of the problem would affect the optimal solution

Case Study- Company Situation (Financial Analysis & SWOT Analysis Essay

Case Study- Company Situation (Financial Analysis & SWOT Analysis only) - Essay Example Based on the rising revenues and margin data, it is possible to conclude that Inditex is at the growth phase of the life cycle, while Benetton, the GAP, and H&M are at maturity and stability phase, as their revenues and margins are declining. Financial Ratio Analysis - Inditex Profitability Gross profit margin of the company is fairly high – 59%, which implies that the company has effective outsourcing manufacturing strategy and has good relationships with suppliers. Both factors have positive impact on cost reduction. Operating profit margin is 18%, which means that the company makes 0,18 cents for every Euro of sales (before taxes). Net profit margin is 14% and it means that the company has good control over its costs. ROA ratio which is 19% means that the company is effectively using its investment, converting it into profit. ROE Liquidity Current ratio of the company is 2,0 suggests that the company has a good ability to pay back its short-term liabilities with the short-t erm assets it has. This means that Inditex is capable to continue its business expansion strategy and to avoid insolvency during the slower growth phases. The quick ratio of 1,5 means that Inditex position has enough liquid assets to cover its current liabilities. Thus, the company can implement its strategy of fast fashion being capable to pay quickly for its orders and to kepp short inventory turnover. Leverage Debt-to-Equity ratio (0.42) indicates that the company’s debt used to finance its operations is not so high and is a positive sign of strong financial position of the Inditex. This indicates that the company is financially strong enough to grow its business due to its profits rather than debts. Long-term debt-to-equity ratio is relatively low and indicates on the company’s financial stability. Activity Inventory turnover at 4,50 indicates that the company has efficient supply chain and can continue taking its course of fast fashion retailer. Days of inventory ratio is equal to average 81.0 days. This indicator seems to be fairly high for the company focusing on fast fashion strategy. Average collection period is 13,4 days, which is quite low and therefore optimal for Inditex to continue its aggressive business development strategy. Financial Analysis has shown that Zara’s overall financial position is very strong and enabling for implementing its strategy of future sales and stores’ growth. SWOT Analysis Strengths The company’s strategy is based on aggressive multichannel global business expansion which is implemented due to its flexible business model based on having the right fashions at the right time at affordable prices. Financial state of the company rated as â€Å"healthy† allows the company to have enough capital for future growth and investments. Global expansion of Zara’s stores and its responsive marketing strategy increase global brand awareness. All these result in strong sales and revenue growth. Effective supply chain management allows the company to be competitive on the market balancing the quality of its goods and affordable prices for mass market consumers. Excellent human resource management is another strategic strength of the company which enables the company to grow its sales and gain positive reputation. Design of new stores in

Privacy on the Web Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Privacy on the Web - Essay Example Although web providers guarantee the confidentiality of user data, security of customer information is often compromised due to several reasons and this situation negatively affects users’ privacy on the web. This paper will apply the decision making framework to analyze ‘privacy on the web’ and discuss the ethical approach that comes closest to the decision made. Decision Making Framework Reynolds (2011, P. 18) has outlined five phases in the decision-making process such as developing problem statement, identifying alternatives, evaluating and choosing alternatives, implementing decision, and evaluating results. Stakeholders affected by the decision are identified in the problem statement phase without making any assumption. Evidently, internet users are the primary stakeholders of any decision regarding the privacy on the web because they face increased threat to confidentiality and security of their personal data on the web. In addition, marketers represent ano ther major stakeholder group because the way the privacy on the web is protected can greatly affect the users’ confidence in organizations, which in turn would significantly influence organizations’ business growth. The government and other official authorities concerned are some other main stakeholders because they are responsible for securing the privacy of users on the web. There are many ways to protect users’ privacy on the web. First, strict website policies can greatly promote user privacy on the web because websites directly receive and store abundant customer data such as name, contact numbers, and credit card details. Secondly, well stated technical and privacy policy protections can enhance privacy on the web to a great extent. Thirdly, some recent proposals for government regulations can be a better alternative to promote the confidentiality of internet users. As Tracy, Jansen, Scarfone & Winograd (2007) report, tt seems that organizations often comp romise their website policies to entertain their personal interests and this situation in turn negatively affects security of user information on the web. Similarly, technical and privacy policy protections may not often ensure privacy on the web considering the growing prevalence of computer hacking and other malware attacks. Hence, it is better to choose new proposals for government regulations as a potential strategy to enhance privacy on the web. When the government directly regulates organizations’ privacy protection policies, privacy on the web is likely to be protected effectively. In order to ensure government intervention in user privacy protection on the web, it is vital to define the areas where the government can regulate and restrict websites’ activities. It is advisable for the government to strictly limit websites’ rights to use customer information/data beyond the purpose for which the data/information was actually collected. Finally, it would be better to establish a separate governmental agency to monitor websites’ efforts to secure privacy on the web. The governmental agency must comprise policymakers, law professionals, and technical experts. Undoubtedly, the direct government control over websites’ privacy protection practices can be effective to manage different challenges to privacy on the web. This approach will certainly promote the interests of organizations, online customers, and government authorities. However, this privacy protection

Emerging Workplace Trends that Challenge the Organization

Emerging Workplace Trends that Challenge the Organization The role of the Human Resource Professional is evolving with the change in competitive market environment and the realization that Human Resource Management must play a more strategic role in the success of an organization. Organizations that do not put their emphasis on attracting and retaining talents may find themselves in dire consequences, as their competitors may be outplaying them in the strategic employment of their human resources. With the increase in competition, locally or globally, organizations must become more adaptable, resilient, agile, and customer-focused to succeed. And within this change in environment, the HR professional has to evolve to become a strategic partner, an employee sponsor or advocate, and a change mentor within the organization. In order to succeed, HR must be a business driven function with a thorough understanding of the organizations big picture and be able to influence key decisions and policies. In general, the focus of todays HR Manager is on strategic personnel retention and talents development. HR professionals will be coaches, counselors, mentors, and succession planners to help motivate organizations members and their loyalty. The HR manager will also promote and fight for values, ethics, beliefs, and spirituality within their organizations, especially in the management of workplace diversity. This paper will highlight on how a HR professional can meet the challenges and Trend of HR Professional, how to motivate employees through gain-sharing and executive information system through proper planning, organizing, leading and controlling their human resources. II. Review of Literature and Studies Organizations have entered a new era characterized by rapid, dramatic and turbulent changes. The accelerated pace of change has transformed how work is performed by employees in diverse organizations. Change has truly become an inherent and integral part of organizational life. Several emerging trends are impacting organizational life. Of these emerging trends, five will be examined: globalization, diversity, flexibility, technology, and networks. These five emerging trends create tensions for organizational leaders and employees as they go through waves of changes in their organizations. These tensions present opportunities as well as threats, and if these tensions are not managed well, they will result in dysfunctional and dire organizational outcomes at the end of any change process. Globalization To stay competitive, more organizations are embracing offshore outsourcing. Many functions are being shifted to India, the Philippines, Malaysia, and other countries for their low labor costs, high levels of workforce education, and technological advantages. According to the 2002-2003 Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) Workplace Forecast, companies such as Ford, General Motors, and Nestle employ more people outside of their headquarters countries than within those countries. Almost any company, whether in manufacturing or services, can find some part of its work that can be done off site. Forrester Research projects that 3.3 million U.S. service- and knowledge-based jobs will be shipped overseas by the year 2015, 70 percent of which will move to India. Communication and information sharing are occurring across the globe in multiple languages and multiple cultures. Global competition and global cooperation coexist in the new world economy. One major consequence of globalization is greater mobility in international capital and labor markets. This creates a global marketplace where there is more opportunity, because there are more potential customers. However, there is also more competition, as local companies have to compete with foreign companies for customers. According to Dani Rodrik, professor of international political economy at Harvards Kennedy School of Government, the processes associated with the global integration of markets for goods, services, and capital have created two sources of tensions. First, reduced barriers to trade and investment accentuate the asymmetries between groups that can cross international borders, and those that cannot. In the first category are owners of capital, highly skilled workers, and many professionals. Unskilled and semiskilled workers and most middle managers belong in the second category. Second, globalization engenders conflicts within and between nations over domestic norms and the social institutions that embody them. As the technology for manufactured goods becomes standardized and diffused internationally, nations with very different sets of values, norms, institutions, and collective preferences begin to compete head on in markets for similar goods. Trade becomes contentious when it unleashes forces that undermine the norms implicit in local or domestic workplace practices. Diversity According to Thomas (1992), dimensions of workplace diversity include, but are not limited to: age, ethnicity, ancestry, gender, physical abilities/qualities, race, sexual orientation, educational background, geographic location, income, marital status, military experience, religious beliefs, parental status, and work experience. The future success of any organizations relies on the ability to manage a diverse body of talent that can bring innovative ideas, perspectives and views to their work. The challenge and problems faced of workplace diversity can be turned into a strategic organizational asset if an organization is able to capitalize on this melting pot of diverse talents. With the mixture of talents of diverse cultural backgrounds, genders, ages and lifestyles, an organization can respond to business opportunities more rapidly and creatively, especially in the global arena (Cox, 1993), which must be one of the important organizational goals to be attained. More importantly, if the organizational environment does not support diversity broadly, one risks losing talent to competitors. This is especially true for multinational companies (MNCs) who have operations on a global scale and employ people of different countries, ethical and cultural backgrounds. Thus, a HR professional needs to be mindful and may employ a Think Global, Act Local approach in most circumstances. The challenge of workplace diversity is also prevalent amongst Singapores Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). With a population of only four million people and the nations strive towards high technology and knowledge-based economy; foreign talents are lured to share their expertise in these areas. Thus, many local HR professional have to undergo cultural-based Human Resource Management training to further their abilities to motivate a group of professional that are highly qualified but culturally diverse. Furthermore, the HR professional must assure the local professionals that these foreign talents are not a threat to their career advancement (Toh, 1993). In many ways, the effectiveness of workpla ce diversity management is dependent on the skilful balancing act of the HR Professional. One of the main reasons for ineffective workplace diversity management is the predisposition to pigeonhole employees, placing them in a different silo based on their diversity profile (Thomas, 1992). In the real world, diversity cannot be easily categorized and those organizations that respond to human complexity by leveraging the talents of a broad workforce will be the most effective in growing their businesses and their customer base. In order to effectively manage workplace diversity, Cox (1993) suggests that a HR Profesional needs to change from an ethnocentric view (our way is the best way) to a culturally relative perspective (lets take the best of a variety of ways). This shift in philosophy has to be ingrained in the managerial framework of the HR Manager in his/her planning, organizing, leading and controlling of organizational resources. Flexibility Globalization and diversity trends are forcing organizations to become more flexible and adaptable. To be able to function globally and to embrace diversity, HR Professional in organizations have to become more flexible and develop a wider repertoire of skills and strategies in working with diverse groups of people in the workplace as well as in the marketplace. The response to increased diversity has, in many cases, been increased organizational flexibility. Some organizations allow workers to have very different work arrangements (e.g. flex-time) and payment schedules. Some organizations (and workers) have found it convenient to treat some workers as independent consultants rather than employees. In certain occupations, advances in communication and information technologies have enabled telecommuting -working at home via computer. One consequence of this is the blurring of boundaries between work and home, and where and when work occurs. The benefits of greater flexibility may be countered by the negative consequences of working 24/7 including higher stress and burnout. The response to increased competition, however, has resulted in a tension generated by the demands to be flexible and yet maintain some stability as changes are implemented in organizations. To stay competitive, organizations are constantly changing and restructuring to increase flexibility and decrease costs. Business process reengineering, business process out-sourcing, job redesign, and other approaches to optimize business processes have been implemented to increase operational and process efficiency while reducing the costs of doing business. Changes in business and operational processes need time to stabilize for employees to learn the new processes, become familiar with them, and be able to operate effectively and efficiently. Yet, competitive pressures can cause organizations to go through a series of changes without giving employees adequate time for learning and training, and for the benefits of the change to be fully realized in the organization. This tension is well-captured by Columbia Business School professor Eric Abrahamson in his book, Change Without Pain (2004) in which he discussed how organizations can go through change overload and how employees can experience change fatigue and burnout. Professor Abrahamson proposes creative recombination as an alternative approach to the highly destructive, destabilizing and painful changes caused by creative destruction. Technology A Human Resource Management System (HRMS, EHRMS), Human Resource Information System (HRIS), HR Technology or also called HR modules, or simply Payroll, refers to the systems and processes at the intersection between human resource management (HRM) and information technology. It merges HRM as a discipline and in particular its basic HR activities and processes with the information technology field, whereas the programming of data processing systems evolved into standardized routines and packages of enterprise resource planning (ERP) software. On the whole, these ERP systems have their origin on software that integrates information from different applications into one universal database. The linkage of its financial and human resource modules through one database is the most important distinction to the individually and proprietary developed predecessors, which makes this software application both rigid and flexible. The function of Human Resources departments is generally administrative and not common to all organizations. Organizations may have formalized selection, evaluation, and payroll processes. Efficient and effective management of Human Capital has progressed to an increasingly imperative and complex process. The HR function consists of tracking existing employee data which traditionally includes personal histories, skills, capabilities, accomplishments and salary. To reduce the manual workload of these administrative activities, organizations began to electronically automate many of these processes by introducing specialized Human Resource Management Systems. HR executives rely on internal or external IT professionals to develop and maintain an integrated HRMS. Before the client-server architecture evolved in the late 1980s, many HR automation processes were relegated to mainframe computers that could handle large amounts of data transactions. In consequence of the low capital investmen t necessary to buy or program proprietary software, these internally-developed HRMS were unlimited to organizations that possessed a large amount of capital. The advent of client-server, Application Service Provider, and Software as a Service or SaaS Human Resource Management Systems enabled increasingly higher administrative control of such systems. Currently Human Resource Management Systems encompass: 1. Payroll 2. Work Time 3. Benefits Administration 4. HR management Information system 5. Recruiting 6. Training/Learning Management System 7. Performance Record 8. Employee Self-Service The payroll module automates the pay process by gathering data on employee time and attendance, calculating various deductions and taxes, and generating periodic pay cheques and employee tax reports. Data is generally fed from the human resources and time keeping modules to calculate automatic deposit and manual cheque writing capabilities. This module can encompass all employee-related transactions as well as integrate with existing financial management systems. The work time gathers standardized time and work related efforts. The most advanced modules provide broad flexibility in data collection methods, labor distribution capabilities and data analysis features was outdated. Cost analysis and efficiency metrics are the primary functions. The benefits administration module provides a system for organizations to administer and track employee participation in benefits programs. These typically encompass insurance, compensation, profit sharing and retirement. The HR management module is a component covering many other HR aspects from application to retirement. The system records basic demographic and address data, selection, training and development, capabilities and skills management, compensation planning records and other related activities. Leading edge systems provide the ability to read applications and enter relevant data to applicable database fields, notify employers and provide position management and position control not in use. Human resource management function involves the recruitment, placement, evaluation, compensation and development of the employees of an organization. Initially, businesses used computer based information systems to: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ produce pay checks and payroll reports; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ maintain personnel records; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ pursue Talent Management. Online recruiting has become one of the primary methods employed by HR departments to garner potential candidates for available positions within an organization. Talent Management systems typically encompass: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ analyzing personnel usage within an organization; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ identifying potential applicants; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ recruiting through company-facing listings; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ recruiting through online recruiting sites or publications that market to both recruiters and applicants. The significant cost incurred in maintaining an organized recruitment effort, cross-posting within and across general or industry-specific job boards and maintaining a competitive exposure of availabilities has given rise to the development of a dedicated Applicant Tracking System, or ATS, module. The training module provides a system for organizations to administer and track employee training and development efforts. The system, normally called a Learning Management System if a stand alone product, allows HR to track education, qualifications and skills of the employees, as well as outlining what training courses, books, CDs, web based learning or materials are available to develop which skills. Courses can then be offered in date specific sessions, with delegates and training resources being mapped and managed within the same system. Sophisticated LMS allow managers to approve training, budgets and calendars alongside performance management and appraisal metrics. The Employee Self-Service module allows employees to query HR related data and perform some HR transactions over the system. Employees may query their attendance record from the system without asking the information from HR personnel. The module also lets supervisors approve O.T. requests from their subordinates through the system without overloading the task on HR department. Many organizations have gone beyond the traditional functions and developed human resource management information systems, which support recruitment, selection, hiring, job placement, performance appraisals, employee benefit analysis, health, safety and security, while others integrate an outsourced Applicant Tracking System that encompasses a subset of the above. Networks Organizations that flatten tend to encourage horizontal communication among workers. Rather than working through the organizational hierarchy, it is often faster for workers who need to coordinate with each other simply to communicate directly. Such organizations are highly networked. Another meaning of networked organizations refers to their relations to other organizations. Organizations that have downsized to just their core competencies must then outsource all the functions that used to be done inhouse. To avoid losing time and effort managing contracts with suppliers, organizations have learned to develop close ties to their suppliers so that social mechanisms of coordination replace legal mechanisms, which are slow and costly. In many industries, such as the garment industry in Italy, strong relationships have developed between manufacturers and suppliers (and other manufacturers), so that considerable work is done without a contract and without even working out a firm price. For these networked organizations to work, high trust and social capital between organizations are key elements. Networked organizations are particularly important in industries with complex products where technologies and customer needs change rapidly, such as in high technology industries. Close ties among a set of companies enables them to work with each other in ways that are faster than arms-length contracts would permit, and yet retains the flexibility of being able to drop the relationship if needed (as opposed to performing the function in-house). The trend towards networked organizations and structures create a new tension between interdependence and independence. The forces of aggregation and disaggregation throw up new challenges for organizations, for example, the use of independent contractors, joint ventures, strategic partnerships and alliances even with competitors. One advantage of networks is that organizations have greater flexibility and thus they can become more competitive in the global marketplace. Another advantage is that organizations do not require that many resources such as employee benefits, office space, and financing for new business ventures. On the other hand, networks have distinct disadvantages. Organizations may find it more difficult to control quality of goods or services as they now have to depend on their partners in the networks to deliver the quality that is desired. Legal and contracting expertise as well as negotiation expertise will also be important for networks. Alternative forms of control may need to be developed to control quality. Alternative mechanisms for coordination may also need to be developed to manage the growing constellation and sometimes tenuous nature of other partner organizations in the network. All the five trends produce result in greater organizational or system complexity for HR Professional in organizations. The tensions produced by these trends cannot be solved. They have to be managed. Effective approaches in organizational change will involve not one strategy but many alternatives and will require leaders and employees to develop greater resilience in confronting these tensions. III. Reaction True enough that the HR Professional is phasing a lot changes and trend that encouraged huge change in any organization. HR Professional must accept this trend in able to for them to grasp in never ending change. This 5 trend are now being embrace by many organizations. Globalization trend, may organization specially here in the Philippines are using outsourcing instead of hiring a HR Professional. Example: Instead of hiring Payroll and Time Keeper, may company are using electronic time captured device that allow the outsourcing company to time and payroll. This trend are creating advantages and this advantages Advantages: There will be no HR professional will focusing this area, there are strategic allocations for HR Professionals and HR professional will be focusing on Human Development. In the contrary it also has disadvantages: since time keeping and payroll are being done by the outsource company there would be a possible problem when it comes to employee satisfaction, Time keeping problems such us: failure to finger scan, un computed time, wrong computation due to time discrepancies and not all organization can embraces this trend . Diversity trend May organization here in the Philippines are owned by Koreans, Japanese, American and other foreign investor. This could be one factor that added cultural diversity in industries. Local plus foreign differences that could be resulted in a mixed local-foreign diversity. For instance an organization made of ilocano, batangeà ±o and manileà ±o could create cultural and social diversity. HR Professionals must learn how to adopt the differences because they are mainly the model in accepting diversity thus it must be reflected by HR Professional because they are creating human development that include diversity acceptance. Flexibility Because of Globalization and Diversity may HR Professional are now flexible. They can easily adopt changes. This characteristic must be posses by all HR Professional to become more successful to handle big responsibility. Technology evolution of technology is very fast. It changes the way of life. HRIS is one of the products of technology; before we are doing 201 file (we will need a lot of folders, paper and other staff) but because of HRIS we can make this thing eliminated. We can now create paperless 201 file and also we can now file are absences, leaves, overtime online. But the problem is, not all company can buy this thing. They still using traditional method and this really affect HR professional because they are being left behind. The role of the HR Professional must parallel the needs of the changing organization. Successful organizations are becoming more adaptable, resilient, quick to change directions, and customer-centered. Within this environment, the HR professional must learn how to manage effectively through planning, organizing, leading and controlling the human resource and be knowledgeable of emerging trends in training. I.V Reference 1. SHRM Workplace Forecast: A Strategic Outlook 2000-2003. Alexandria: Society for Human Resource Management. 2. Earley, P.C., Soon Ang, and Joo-Seng Tan. CQ: Developing Cultural Intelligence in the Workplace. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005. 3. John M. Ivancevich.: Human Resources Management. Mc Graw-Hill International, 2007 This paper will highlight on how a HR manager can meet the challenges of workplace diversity, how to motivate employees through gain-sharing and executive information system through proper planning, organizing, leading and controlling their human

Occlusal Stent Construction Research

Occlusal Stent Construction Research Initial examination was carried out consisting of evaluation the periodontal condition of the teeth. After selecting the suitable patients for the study, all of them received supra gingival scaling and polishing with a good motivation and instruction in oral hygiene measures including brushing, using dental floss and interproximal brushes as indicated and demonstration was given to them about the work of perio Q gel and it’s application . An alginate impression was taken and an occlusal stent was constructed for each patient. After completion of the occlusal stent construction, the patient was recalled again and this was considered the first visit. In this visit the clinical periodontal examination was carried out for the selected sites and it included the following parameters: Plaque Index (PLI) :- (Silness and Loe 1964) A periodontal probe was used after air drying of the teeth and the selected sites were examined for plaque. The periodontal probe was gently passed along the gingival crevice. The criteria was the following: Score 0: No plaque in the gingival area. Score 1: A film of plaque adhering to the free gingival margin and adjacent area of the tooth surface, which cannot be seen with the naked eye but only by using disclosing solution or by using probe. Score 2: Moderate accumulation of soft deposits within the gingival pocket, on the gingival margin and or adjacent tooth surface which can be seen by naked eye. Score 3: Abundance of soft matter within the gingival pocket and or on the gingival margin and adjacent tooth. Gingival Index (GI): (Loe, 1967). The occurrence of gingival inflammation was assessed using the criteria of gingival index system Score 0: Normal gingiva. Score 1: Mild inflammation, slight change in color, slight edema, and no bleeding on probing Score 2: Moderate inflammation, redness and glazing, bleeding on probing. Score 3: Severe inflammation, marked redness and ulceration, tendency to spontaneous bleeding. Bleeding on Probing (BOP) :- (Carranza, 2012). A blunt periodontal probe inserted to the bottom of the periodontal pocket/sulcus and is moved gently along the root surface. If bleeding occurred within 30 seconds after probing, the site was given positive score (1), and a negative score (0) for the non-bleeding site Probing Pocket Depth (PPD): (Lindhe et al.,1998) The probing pocket depth was measured with a Williams periodontal probe at four sites of all teeth on (mesial, buccal, distal and lingual), the distance from gingival margin to the most apical extent of the probe inserted parallel to the long axis of the tooth to the nearest millimeter (mm) was recorded only for the sites exhibiting probing depth of (5-8)mm. Relative Attachment Level (RAL): The occlusal stent was adjusted to fit the teeth, then vertical grooves or holes corresponding to the probed site were made using rotary fissure bur, these grooves provided a fixed reference mark for probe insertion and angulation. The stent was putted on the occlusal surfaces to cover half or 2/3 of the crown. The distance from the base of the pocket to the lower border of the stent at the base of the groove was considered as the RAL. The measurement was made to the nearest mm . The clinical periodontal recordings were repeated after 3 and 6 weeks. Treatments After recording of all periodontal parameters for the selected sites, the patient mouth was splitted into three quadrants, each quadrant received different treatment modality and as follows: Initial visit (1stday): patient selection, supra gingival scaling, alginate impression, motivation, instruction. . Gel group: 111 sites in this group received intra pocket application of perio Q gel. The selected sites were isolated by cotton rolls and dried the teeth by air, and then dried the pockets by paper point size (30, 35, 40, and 45).the application of the gel was made using disposable syringe of 5ml. the sharp tip of needle was removed by rotary bur to avoid hurting the gingival tissue and smoothened it, then 1 ml of the gel was pulled by the syringe and the needle gently placed down through the pocket until it reach to the bottom of the pockets then placed the gel while worked the way up until the gingival margin. Each pocket was received a range of (0.1-0.3) ml., the excess gel oozing from the pockets was removed by Cotton rolls The patients were instructed to avoid spitting, washing, eating and drinking for 2 hours of the gel application. Toothbrush and interdental aids should paused of the day after the gel application. Combination group: 106 sites in this group received scaling and root planing, then after one hour, the patient examined if there was no blood oozing,then the gel applied as was described previously. If not, the patient was referred to the next day. Scaling and root planning group: 106 sites in this group received scaling and root planning only. Pilot study To perform intra examiner calibration and inter examiner calibration with clinical periodontal parameters used in this study (PLI, GI, BOP, PPD, RALI), a pilot study was carried out in Department of periodontics, College of Dentistry, Baghdad University. It was carried at about four weeks before the conduction of the actual project on two subject with twelve-sites. The intra examiner calibration was repeated after an appropriate period (usually 2-4 weeks) to resolve any memory bias. While the inter examiner calibration was repeated by another trained professional at the same time. The consistency (calibration) should be at least 90% and if it is low, the measurement should be repeated. Statistical Analysis Data were processed and analyzed using SPSS 16 for windows8 (statistical package for social science) and excel 2013.both descriptive and inferential analyses Descriptive Statistics Tables (Range, Frequencies and Percentage) Arithmetic Mean Standard Deviation Mean Difference. Median Minimum and Maximum Graphical Presentation by Bar Charts and Scattered Plots. Inferential Statistics There was used to accept or reject the statistical hypotheses, which included: Analysis of Variance Test(ANOVA) One Way Student t-Test for equality of means of two independent groups. Wilcoxon Signs rank test Mann Whitney U Test References Lindhe J Karring T Lang N. Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry. 3rd edition. Copenhagen, Munksgaard,1998 LÃ ¶e, H. The Gingival Index, the Plaque Index and the Retention Index Systems. Journal of Periodontology, Vol. 38, No. 6 (November-December 1967), pp. 610-616. Silness J, Loe H. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontol Scand 1964;22:112-135

Physical Appearance in Mary Shellys Frankenstein Essays -- Frankenstei

Physical Appearance in Mary Shelly's Frankenstein In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein we are introduced early in the story to one of the main characters Victor Frankenstein and subsequently to his creation referred to as the monster. The monster comes to life after being constructed by Victor using body parts from corpses. As gruesome as this sounds initially we are soon caught up in the tale of the living monster. Victor the creator becomes immediately remorseful of his decision to bring the monstrous creation to life and abandons the borne creature. Victor describes his emotions and physical description of his creation as follows: â€Å"How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavored to form? His limbs were in proportion, and I had selected his features as beautiful. Beautiful! – Great God! His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair was of a lustrous black, and flowing; his teeth of a pearly whiteness; but these luxuriances only formed a more horrid contrast with his watery eyes, that seemed almost of the same colour as the dun white sockets in which they were set, his shriveled complexion, and straight black lips.† (Shelley 34) Left on his own to strike out in the world the monster soon experienced the prejudices of those he came meet. Prejudices based upon his frightful, or unusual, appearance and his inability to communicate initially. I quickly had empathy for the abandoned creature, despite the descriptions of his gruesome appearance, and felt mixed emotions about his actions towards others in the story. Were the violent actions of the monster towards others spawned from their violent rejection of ... ...-to-form illustration of cultural feelings about how people should look and act in the context of what is normal. Anything outside of normal is perceived negatively, viewed with suspicion and capable of the worst actions towards others. In this case, it is no wonder the monster unleashes his violent wrath upon those that have shunned and disposed of him. He was just fulfilling his predetermined destiny thrust upon him at the moment he was conceived. I am being somewhat sarcastic here, but I do feel that historically the ideas of what is normal can change. Unfortunately, as Shelley has drastically illustrated with the monster character, the monster is judged by his outside appearance and actions as it relates to what is considered normal. Bibliography: Shelley, Mary. â€Å"Frankenstein.† In A Norton Critical Edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1996.

The Taino and the Spanish Essay -- History Spanish Historical Papers

The Taino and the Spanish Cristà ³bal Colà ³n landed on an unknown island in the Caribbean on October 10, 1492. He planted banners in the beach claiming the land for the Spanish throne. Colà ³n’s perceptions and interactions with the indigenous people, the Taino, sparked the events that lead to the colonization of the Americas. Colà ³n’s perceptions of the Taino were misinterpreted by him. His misconceptions about the Taino were built from a compilation of his own expectations, readings of other explorers, and strong religious influence in Western Europe. The Taino also misunderstood the Spanish as well. Their false beliefs about the Spanish were driven by their religious beliefs as well as their mythology. Through misunderstandings backed by the religions, physical appearances, and the histories of both the Taino and the Spanish, the Taino believed that the Spanish were god-like figures that fell from the sky, while the Taino were perceived by the Spanish as simplistic, uncultured natives, that would be easily converted to Christianity and used as servants (Wilson, Hispanola p. 48-49).1 To better comprehend these events one must look at the preceeding events in both the lives of the Taino and The Spanish. Before the time of Cristà ³bal Colà ³n, Spain had recently had several encounters with colonization. They had taken over the kingdom of Granada and the Canary Islands. These colonizations gave Spain their model for subsequent colonizations. The dominance of Christianity in the colonizations was quite evident. Religious unity was believed to be required for social order and was a premise for the exercise of power (Quesada, Implicit Understanding p. 97-107).2 This relates to the Taino in that the Spanish believed the Taino would be c... ... encountered the Taino is dependent upon the understanding the religious and historical backgrounds of both. One must understand that the mythology of the Taino, the expectations of the Spanish, and the appearances of both played a major role in the reactions of these two cultures when they collided. Works Cited Colà ³n, Cristobal. The Diario of Cristà ³bal Colà ³n’s Voyage to America, Transcription and Translation Oliver Dunn and James E. Kelley Jr. de Las Casas, Bartolomà ©. The Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account. Translation, Briffault, Herma, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London  © 1992. Quesada, Miguel. Miguel Quesada, â€Å"Spain 1492: Social values and structures,† Stuart Schwartz, ed. Implicit Understandings, Cambridge University Press. The Mission. Directed by Joffà ©, Roland. Written Credits, Bolt, Robert. Genre, Drama.  ©1986.

Media Violence Not Good for Children Essay

The effects of media violence on children have been studied for over thirty years, with researchers repeatedly finding correlations between aggressive/violent behavior and the viewing of media violence. These education and psychology researchers began asserting years ago that a cause-and-effect relationship existed, i.e., viewing media violence was one of the causative factors in aggressive behavior in children. We often use the phrase that â€Å"children are impressionable.† We mean that children do not see the world through the same filter of experience that adults do. Children see things more literally. They do not yet possess the sophisticated sensibilities to distinguish fiction from reality. It matters a great deal, therefore, how much TV children watch and what they view. Young children often mimic what they see. Parents and caretakers observe this regularly. If children see people punching and kicking, they may act out that same behavior. Older children develop, through years of watching, sub-conscious mental plans of how they will react in conflict situations. For years they have seen conflicts resolved by violence, and they sub-consciously develop the same reaction plan. When confronted with a conflict, the tendency is to react the way they have seen countless others react—in a combative, aggressive or violent manner. Researchers call this developing a â€Å"cognitive script.† Through television, video games, and movies, children and teens view countless acts of violence, brutality, and terror as part of entertainment. They become conditioned to associating violence with entertainment. This is the classical conditioning. First-person shooter video games develop our children’s skills in operating weapons. The games reward marksmanship, and further reinforce the association of killing with entertainment. In the past, the heroes of movie and television shows were usually people who strictly followed the law. Now, heroes are often people who take the law into their own hands, who see an injustice or evil and seek to rectify it personally, sometimes brutally, regardless of the consequences. Such portrayals signal to a child society’s approval of that behavior. Lacking the judgment that comes with age, a child who feels he has been dealt with unfairly may copy that behavior, with disastrous consequences

Impact of Current Information Technology on Our Lives Essay

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My deepest gratitude to my Ate Kristine and my parents who support and encourage me to pursue my chosen path, to concentrate to my studies, for all their kind and inspiring comments. My special thanks go to my grandma, who have given me great moral support in my studies and to our Almighty God, who have given me spiritual support to complete this term paper. I. INTRODUCTION Information technology (IT) ins probably one of the most significant developments in human history since the printing press. It has given rise to one of the most fascinating communications devices ever created, the Internet. It has come into our homes, our schools and our offices, tying us together in unprecedented ways. It is one of the most important developments in recent memory. Information technology (IT) is the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications. The term in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review, in which authors Leavitt and Whisler commented that â€Å"the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT).†. Some of the modern and emerging  fields of Information technology are next generation web technologies, bioinformatics, cloud computing, global information systems, large scale knowledge bases, etc. A. GENERAL INFORMATION IT is the area of managing technology and spans wide variety of areas that include computer software, information systems, computer hardware, programming languages but are not limited to things such as processes, , and data constructs. In short, anything that renders data, information or perceived knowledge in any visual format whatsoever, via any multimedia distribution mechanism, is considered part of the IT domain. IT provides businesses with four sets of core services to help execute the business strategy: business process automation, providing information, connecting with customers, and productivity tools. IT professionals perform a variety of functions (IT Disciplines/Competencies) that ranges from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include data management, networking, engineering computer hardware, database and software design, as well as management and administration of entire systems. Information technology is starting to spread further than the conventional personal computer and network technologies, and more into integrations of other technologies such as the use of cell phones, televisions, automobiles, and more, which is increasing the demand for such jobs. In the recent past, the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology and the Association for Computing Machinery have collaborated to form accreditation and curriculum standards for degrees in Information Technology as a distinct field of study as compared to Computer Science and Information Systems today. SIGITE (Special Interest Group for IT Education) is the ACM working group for defining these standards. The Worldwide IT services revenue totaled $763 billion in 2009. B. TECHNOLOGICAL CAPACITY AND GROWTH Hilbert and Lopez identify the exponential pace of technological change (a kind of Moore’s law): machines’ application-specific capacity to compute information per capita has roughly doubled every 14 months between 1986-2007; the per capita capacity of the world’s general-purpose computers has doubled every 18 months during the same two decades; the global  telecommunication capacity per capita doubled every 34 months; the world’s storage capacity per capita required roughly 40 months to double (every 3 years); and per capita broadcast information has doubled roughly every 12.3 years II. TRENDS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY The wide range of information, data, and knowledge for problem solving and decision making are dealt with Information Technology. Before starting with the projects, students should be aware of authentication, and integrity features in their projects. Breaking of passwords and hacking can be avoided using these techniques. Anyhow, the various trends for projects are based on the emerging software technology. A. LATEST TRENDS a. Flash technology To add multiple types of external data to the given text, images, video, XML and to interact with web pages, Adobe Flash is used. It provides multimedia platform. The main purpose of this technology is to be used in advertisements and games. Both audio and video streams are supported by flash. One of the Object-oriented languages called ActionScript is the language used here by the developers. Flash player includes ActionScript Virtual Machine (AVM). The compiler, Just-In-Time (JIT), is used for MP3-based audio and bitmap graphics. Flash CS5 is the latest version of Adobe flash which was released on April 12, 2010. b. Microsoft Silverlight Microsoft Silverlight is developed on web framework and is similar to the functions of those in Adobe Flash. In addition, it also integrates multimedia graphics and interaction with a single runtime environment. Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) and its development tools are supported by Silverlight. The processor x86 with streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) is  used by Silverlight. Also the other processors which support Silverlight include the Intel Pentium III and AMD Athlon XP. Any of the .Net Programming language is supported for Silverlight applications. The developing tools for the application can be used along with the .Net language but should be aware that they can target only the Silverlight core CLR for hosting the applications and not that of the .Net Framework CLR since both differs in their own functionalities. 4GDR1 (4.0.50524.0) is the latest version of Silverlight and was released on 03 June 2010. c. Open Source software Open source software is newly emerging trend which is one of the best options for the students. The source code can be modified by the students as per the objective of project. Hence Open source is much flexible than closed version software. Open source software is mainly developed on peer to peer production by collaboration of end product, source material. Open source software can be enhanced by anyone and if you join some open source developers community, you can learn a lot of things directly from the most knowledged persons in the developers community. Even the top companies like Google who are paymasters gives lots of importance to candidates who have worked in open source projects during the interviews. d. Cryptography Cryptography is the practice and study of hiding information. It also refers to confidentiality. It is often seen as a â€Å"black art†, which means something others don’t understand but you need to understand. Cryptography is one of the essential aspects for secure communication. There are many aspects of security and applications ranging from secure commerce to private communication and to protect passwords. Cryptography is necessary for secure communication but it is not sufficient by itself. Here, the text is encrypted first; i.e. the plain text is changed to inarticulate garbage. The end user does the reverse process i.e. decryption, where the original text  is retrieved. There are a lot of algorithms in this area which is used in real time for data protection in sectors like banks, Research, Password Protection and so on. e. Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is the study of controlling properties of an atom and molecules. As the name indicates, it deals with the study of structures sized between 1 and 100 nanometer. It is said that, nanotechnology has a tendency to create new materials and devices which can be used in future in a wide range of fields such as medicine, energy production, electronics and bio materials. As they are very small in size, nano structures have a tendency to change its state for transformation of energy. The two main approaches used in nanotechnology are Bottom-up and Top-down. In bottom-up approach, materials and devices are built from molecular, a component which later assemble themselves chemically and follows the principles of molecular recognition. In top-down approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without any atomic level control. Biotechnology is the best example to show the use of nanotechnology in various fields. The upcoming trends mainly focus on security and hacking. Mobile application for iPhone and Android are great areas to explore with good revenue opportunities as well. If you want to stand out from others, instead of going for some courses, try to contribute for an open source project. B. BUSINESS TRENDS Just a few decades ago, businesses had little in the way of office machinery except typewriters. Fax machines were new; only Xerox made copiers, and the computer was a monster that took up an entire room. These behemoths were housed almost exclusively on college campuses or in government laboratories. With the development of the personal computer, the situation changed; it was so quick it sometimes seems like it was overnight. At first, businesses were happy to use computers because their word processing programs made typing projects much easier. But using a computer like a high-powered typewriter  defeats the purpose of having the machine in the first place. Companies soon discovered that their PCs could do a great deal more. Companies began to network offices together so that they could share files and work on the same projects from distant locations. They connected to the Internet and put out advertisements to draw new customers. And perhaps one of the most significant business developments to come with IT is the creation of the electronic marketplace. Companies that sell their products over the Internet greatly increase the number of potential consumers who see their offerings. Even if the company is not actively selling goods, a website is a tremendously helpful tool. A well-designed, easy to navigate site can stimulate interest so that a potential customer calls or writes for further information. Other business applications of IT include â€Å"data mining,† â€Å"knowledge management,† and â€Å"modeling and simulation.† (Kalil, PG). This last is particularly interesting, as it allows companies to build prototypes in the computer. These prototypes perform exactly the same way a three-dimensional model would, and yet are far less expensive than building the â€Å"real thing.† This way, if the prototype doesn’t work, there isn’t the strain on the company’s resources there would be if a real model (car, plane, truck, train) had been built. If it does work, it can be put into production quickly. C. FUTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TRENDS There’s no denying that we are in a worldwide downturn. Government are in debt; jobs are being cut; houses are being repossessed and people because it. However, there is a way to plan for the declining eminent and that is through IT guidance. If you are like most people, the last thing on your opinion is paying for tuition, especially in a specialty as baffling as information technology. However, IT education may be your label out of the slump and into a fulfilling and stable career. For most of us, our prospect is not set in pelt, especially with the downturn. There is no concrete way of aware that you will forever be in the site, or even with the visitors you are with now. However, IT guidance can organize for a potential in information technology at any sector. The  diligence needs IT technicians whether you work in television, marketing, communication, client check, etc. IT technology can open doors to more than just your own effective Future Information Technology Trends environment. You can take these skills and concern them to other sectors and industries as well. This will make the leap to another career in the upcoming much fewer overwhelming, if that time ever comes. Technology and Telecommunication: While many people are trailing their jobs in marketing, buyer ceremony, factual estate and construction, more and more people are verdict their mission via telecommunication. This is because, while the nation is gradually lessening, the â€Å"nation† is blossoming. Websites are in stable penury to IT help including webmasters, graphic designers and programmers. This Future Information Technology Trends trend will prolong as the internet is one of the best customs to join to the world and will only maintain to grow in the future. Technological trends in the future: According to the Bureau of Labour Statistics, the technology world will maintain to upsurge with jobs in IT increasing by 16% in the next ten existence. This is sooner than most other industries in the United States due to the many technological advances within many industries. IT Training for all Industries: even if you never want to dine in a career as an IT technician, information technology exercise can help prepare you for advancement in your own sector. Information technology exists everywhere and this is why it’s important to advantage the skills desirable to understand the information technological phase of your sector. IT is Universal: Another important touch of information technology is that, while some systems modify from troupe to troupe, and from country to country, they are all relatively the same. This means that, if you desire to do so, you can move and convey with career guidance in IT. Spend a year in Japan since the sights and running in IT on the section, or take your skills to Australia when the frost months get too cold. The possibilities Future Information Technology Trends for those with information technology training not only transport from trade to industry, but they also outdo continental boundaries as well. D. EMERGING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TRENDS Traditionally, hotels were mostly dependant on cards and paperwork at the front desk to keep in meet with old and current customers. They were chiefly at the mercy of the wishes of vacationers to succeed, and on their own pains and force to be inclined for budding surges or long droughts of tenancy. Luckily, such inconvenience and old-fashioned methods are long since ancient, gratitude to advances in information technology. The first question in which information technology became important regarded billing. Old-fashioned paper-based book-keeping time-consuming and inefficient, and was not able briefly to tell a lodge holder what the avow of their lodge was. Luckily, advances in modern proof keeping tolerate for a lodge holder to keep pathway of what they have on hand, how much of it they have, and how much it outlay. Accounting is complicated, but future software, especially that tailored to the sole needs of the hospitality activity, helps to permit lodge owners to make smart decisions. Services and harvest that are no longer worn can be instantly cut off to prelude money, while those who show want can be augmented in magnitude or bespoke to diminish the important tradition. Most hotels are recurring with booking quarters and reservations over the telephone, but information technology has prolonged well past that. Hotels can now work with different online trek companies and booking military to have Emerging Information Technology Trends their rooms booked online, with no indigence to employ classy force. This also allows a lodge to announce their open rooms and unusual deals promptly to people who would be most to grasp them, instead of killing much money advertising in an unfocused mode. High worth information technology hence allows for better arrangement and management of booking to tolerate a lodge to better maximize residence, and to know in proceed when large groups or prop period are approaching. This allows a lodge manager to make strategy about transient pole, good times to renovate or inflate, or other concerns, because he/she can decide the state of their hotel currently and for the next few months with only a few clicks on the laptop. The advances in information Emerging Information Technology Trends technology proffer well afar booking, however. The internet is  necessary for vacationers who fancy to associate those back home, and for those nomadic on topic to get in feel with the bureau. Therefore, wireless internet has become a very ordinary and very helpful tune for hotels to supply. Many interest minded persons even entail that an hotel tender internet army so that they can keep running while on the street. Luckily, such army are easy to supply, as all that is required is a wireless router and diverse plans to guarantee the whole hotel is filled with the practice. Modern advances in wireless internet also permit for the wireless internet provided for hotel visitors to be used to group the hotel itself. Security cameras, door stresses, and other policy basic to hotel sanctuary and shelter can be Emerging Information Trends wired into the interact, so that workforce are alerted when a door is propped open, a fire alarm goes off or suspicious activity occurs. Though the hotel guests are wholly unaware of it, this variety of added safety and guarantee keeps them careful, and in the occasion of a puzzle they will almost surely appreciate the benefits of such system. As difficult as it is, information technology in the hospitality activity is still going ahead. Intelligent booking systems enable hasty and helpful guest opinion, along with the ability to predict who is likely to use the hotel again and tell them via e-packages or passage letters when a good deals appear. Hotels with scope mass or other guest services can tender menus online, allowing for abrupt updates, high-class photos, and other behavior to allow guests to see and order services before they even arrive. There also advances in terms of payroll and list which make information technology Emerging Information Technology Trends an effective asset for reduction money and maximizing profits. The sole quality of the hospitality trade makes it a great place for new and emerging information technology, and farther-opinion hotel owners and managers are forever looking for smart tools and software to invest in. E. HEALTHCARE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TRENDS The utilization of technology in healthcare has opened the method for improvements in a limit of areas. One of the advantages and payback of fitness tending technology is the additional people are extant diseases like feeling and blight disease due to the fitness to identify them earlier than formerly skilled. With this ability comes the subsidy of being able to use a method that may be fewer extreme than one beloved as the disease grows. With a disease like Tuberculosis, as it metastasizes, the talent to struggle it and eliminate it gets harder and harder. Although, one more use of technology in healthcare has brought us newest drugs that can aim more precisely the particular scourge cells along with being more embattled in other areas. It has also brought us latest radiation Healthcare Information Technology Trends tools that can be far extra accurate and not have to use the shotgun manage to dig up to the tumor. The ray could even be bent about key body parts like glands and arteries so as not to injure them when focusing in that territory. One interesting and futuristic loan is the utilization of robots. You can now have a preset prostatectomy with an outcome that may be to the profit of the enduring. With the use of a robot in surgical procedure there is a slighter Healthcare Information Technology Trends opening and large incisions which is fewer torment for the tolerant, there is a smaller quantity of blood failure, an exclusive hazard of rigid cuts about delicate nerves and tendons which may allow the unwearied a pompous choice of not having poorer effects from the surgical procedure, and typically a shorter drape about in the hospice and a shorter recovery time. The accuracy of the robot is far more rigid than a surgeon using his/her hands lonesome. Robots are also programmed in such way that they can grip complicated situations. Another zone where robots are worn is in mandatory middle surgery. Again the accuracy and precision of the tools show the way to a bigger unplanned of a quicker recovery time and minus anguish to the patient. The finer incisions and the possibility of less blood harm are one advantage to using robots in a middle surgery. The dab Vinci Healthcare Information Technology Trends robot worn in the heart and growth surgeries and has the opportunity to be  worn in a range of areas where precision and accuracy are vital. III. EDUCATION Although computers are now common in the classroom that has not been the most significant step in their use as educational tools. I believe that distinction has to go to distance education. The concept is not all that new, because the idea of remote classrooms with a teacher appearing on television has been in place for decades. But the idea of conducting an entire class over the Internet is radically different. In distance education, the students may never set foot in a classroom at all. They will interact with the teacher and with their peers via email; they may participate in lectures via some sort of instant messaging service. The assignments are posted by the instructor, and the completed assignments are returned to him/her through email. Attending class by accessing the Internet does of course mean that the student cannot participate in a live exchange with his peers and the instructor, so in that sense the spontaneity of the classroom is missing. However, for students in very remote areas, or when classes are offered at one campus and not another, it is a viable solution, and it is made possible by IT. IV. PERSONAL USAGE Of course the single biggest item here is the personal computer. Having a computer at home has revolutionized life for millions of people around the globe. We tend to get our news from the computer; we may find ourselves in a discussion with someone on the other side of the planet; and we tour museums and shops in distant cities among many other uses. Many people now work from home (â€Å"telecommuting†) rather than physically going to the office. This saves road congestion and helps diminish pollution. Children and teens use the computer to help with their homework, and with the Internet, they have the entire world as a resource. V. CONCLUSION The impact of IT on society is hard to overestimate. Many of the developments, as I’ve indicated, have been positive, but there are some negatives as well, specifically a tendency to spent more time alone, or interacting only with the computer rather than with real people. Still, for most of us, IT has made a sizeable impact, and a positive one, on our lives. VI. REFERENCES http://www.cisp.org/imp/april_99/04_99kalil.htm http://www.wikipedia.com

Imposing and Exposing Values Essays

Imposing and Exposing Values Essays Imposing and Exposing Values Paper Imposing and Exposing Values Paper Imposing uses some type of force or manipulation or pressure for another to adopt or follow the same values as the one exerting the force. Exposing is simply putting or sharing ones values out there for others to take it or leave it. To expose your values means to open up and let it be seen, to speak up and tell people what your values are. An example would be youre pregnant teenager, and you tell your parents that you dont believe in abortion. Youre exposing your feelings, your values on that issue. To impose your values means to make people do things your way, that only your way is right its almost like forcing someone to do it your way. An example would be a teenager gets pregnant, wants an abortion, and her parents force her to carry the baby to term and raise it, saying as long as youre under my roof, youll do as I say. thats IMposing their values. Values based counselling means that the counselor is always pointing to a better way, meeting the client where he or she is at, and guiding that person towards a higher place: a place of deeper truth, a place of greater meaning. Non-values oriented counseling will simply seek to return the client to a functional level, or simply at a place that is best for them. Well in the example above what was best for the wife was divorce. Yet she may not realize, or even see, that there could be door for her that leads her to a joyful life with her husband. While we believe that all people have the capacity within them to change, that does not mean they can always see all the choices before them. Sometimes people are so heavily oppressed by their situation that they genuinely cannot see a way out, or are unable to discern the best possible path. This is where the values of the counselor are critical to effective therapy. Values are the whispers of our conscience that show us those things in our lives that need to change, they help us understand not only the problems in our lives, but why they were problems. Without values, we are unable to identify destructive behaviors and patterns of thoughts that cause pain and brokenness. Values allow us to learn from the past, let things go, and illuminate a new path towards a brighter future. And while we may never actually reach the ideal, it is instead the journey towards it that holds the joy of living; that we live a life always walking forward, towards a better place, one that is full of hope, experiencing true freedom and purpose every step of the way. I Dont Believe In Imposing Values On Clients This is probably the #1 concern we hear from professionals who feel hesitant about a transparent values approach regarding counseling and therapy. This section is written for therapists, but if you are a client this discussion may give you more insight into the world behind therapy. Most college textbooks will tell students of psychology to keep their values hidden to clients. This may have been true at one time, but with the vast use of the internet, it is a flawed premise based on a faulty assumption that clients are not pro-active in their mental health care. We will demonstrate why this philosophy of therapy is flawed with pro-active clients (it also should be stated that all clients who use the internet to find a therapist, are by definition, being pro-active in their mental health care). First lets define the difference between hidden values and transparent values therapy. 1. All therapists are human beings, and as human beings, all therapists also have a personal value system. 2. Therapists, the vast majority of them, do not compromise their own personal values in therapy. If you are a therapist, both points are going to be true. Counselors, regardless of their personal values, are neither expected to, nor do they by by practice, compromise themselves in therapy. But does (a) having personal values, and (b) not compromising values equate to (c) imposing values? It does not. So lets assume two hypothetical therapists, Therapist A who believes strongly against imposing values in Therapy, and keeps his/her values hidden from the client, and Therapist B with transparent values. What is the difference between these two therapists? Well, both of them have a set of personal values. The only difference is that Therapist B has made his/her values transparent to the client upfront, before therapy even begins. Transparency is the only difference, nearly the exact opposite of imposing. Hidden Values Are More Imposing Because all clients who use the internet to find a therapist are being pro-active in their health care, we make the case that a therapist who tries to keep his or her values hidden is far closer to imposing on a client, than a therapist who has those values transparent. With transparent values, the client knows the values upfront, and then can make the choice to see. or not to see. a therapist before spending any money, and before investing any energy. With a hidden values therapist, the client has already spent money, and has already invested time, energy, and emotions into therapy. The values of the therapist then leak into therapy over time, and the client discovers, over time, that the therapists values are polar opposite, and the client may feel defeated and give up counseling or go back to the search for a new therapist. Values and Beliefs It is not respectful to impose personal beliefs and values upon clients. It is the counsellor’s role to accept the client for who they are and where they currently are in their life. Geldard and Geldard (2005) emphasise that when a counsellor’s values are imposed on an individual, they tend to react by rejecting those values without consideration and withdrawing from counselling. An involuntary client, who is unable to physically withdraw from counselling, may withdraw emotionally, and become unmotivated to accept the counsellor’s suggestions. Imposing one’s values upon the client is indicative of judgement. Paradoxically, when therapists accept the client for the person they are regardless of their values, over time, the client’s values tend to grow closer to the values of the counsellor, as counsellors do become role models for their clients.